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PROFILE OF THE ANDAMAN & NICOBAR ISLANDS Geography The Union Territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands is known throughout the country as 'Kalapani' because of their having been a penal settlement under the British Rule. The islands lie in a long and narrow broken chain, approximately north-south sprawling like an arc. Andaman group of islands and the Nicobar group of islands, have entirely different population and problems. The dreaded 10o channel, which is about 145 km wide and 400 fathoms deep, separates the two groups. This territory comprises islands some of which are large such as North Andaman, Middle Andaman, South Andaman, Baratang, Little Andaman in the Andaman group and Car Nicobar. Situated in the Bay of Bengal, Andaman and Nicobar islands constitute one of the most important union territories. This is a group of big and small picturesque islands forming a narrow broken chain in the form of a north-south arc and are situated at 16oN and 14oN latitude and 92oE and 94oE longitude. Geologically the islands appear to have been part of the land mass of South east Asia comprising North East India, Burma, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia. The climate of the islands is generally described as tropical and warm but the temperature is pleasant by sea breeze. The islands are exposed to both the monsoons and to north-easterly gale from November to December and south-westerly gale from May to October. The weather is calm only from January to April and to some extend in October. The average annual rainfall is 318cms. Rough weather prevails at the beginning of south-west monsoon and at the change of monsoon. The average temperature ranges between 22.5o and 29.9o. This territory consists of two distinct groups of islands-Andaman and Nicobar. There are more than 3000 islands, islets and rocks in the archipelago while only about 300 of them are of appreciable size. Of these only 39 islands are inhabited. The northern most point is Landfall island which is 901 kms away from the mouth of Hoogly River and about 190kms from Burma. The southern-most island is Great Nicobar, the southern-most tip of which Pygmalian Point now Indira Point is about 150 kms away from Sumatra (Indonesia). The terrain is generally mountainous with long ranges of hills enclosing narrow valleys. The configuration of the land clearly points to these islands being the visible ridges and summits of sunken ranges of mountains, Saddle Peak in North Andaman at a height of 732 metres above sea level is the highest point in these islands. There are no great elevations and the slopes are moderate to steep and rugged. They are susceptible to heavy soil erosion. Flat lands are comparatively scarce. The villages in Betapur and Diglipur constitute the main flat lands in the Andaman group. The islands in the Nicobar group are surrounded by coral reef and shallow seas. Long narrow stretches of sandy beaches are a salient feature of the topography here. Car Nicobar and Katchal are almost flat while the others have hilly terrain. In Little Nicobar and Great Nicobar in the Nicobar group, the land surface is very irregular, cut up by steep hills and valleys. HISTORY The original inhabitants of the islands lived in the forests on hunting and fishing. There are four Negrito tribes, viz., the Great Andamanese, Onge, Jarawa and Sentinalese in the Andaman group of islands and two Mongoloid Sentinalese are still hostile. They are still keeping a separate entity and have not yet learnt the concept of covering their bodies. The modern history of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands begins with the establishment of a settlement by East India Company in 1789. However, in 1796 this settlement was abandoned. Following the first war of Indian Independence in 1857, the British India Government founded the penal settlement in these islands in 1858, primarily known as Kalapani, for the deportation of freedom fighters from the mainland India, which continued till the second World War. During the Second World War, the Japanese forces occupied the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in 1942. Further following the surrender of the Japanese forces in the Second World War, the British India Government reoccupied these islands in 1945 and continued their administration till the Independence of the country in 1947. The state of Andaman & Nicobar Islands has an area of 8249 sq. km. and a population of 0.36 million. There are 4 districts, 7 blocks and 547 villages. The State has population density of 43 per sq. km (as against the national average of 312). The decadal growth rate of the state is 26.90% (against 21.54% for the country) and the population of the state continues to grow at a much faster rate than the national rate. |
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Geography Andhra Pradesh lies between 12o41' and 22o longitude and 77o and 84o40' latitude. It is bounded by Madhya Pradesh and Orissa in the north, the Bay of Bengal in the east, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka in the south and Maharashtra in the west. Andhra Pradesh is the fifth largest state in India and it forms the major link between the north and the south of India. It is the biggest and most populous state in the south of India. There are three main regions in Andhra Pradesh - (1) Northern Circars or coastal Andhra comprising Srikakulam, Visakhapatnam, East Godavari, West Godavari, Krishna, Guntur, Ongole and Nellore districts; (2) Rayalaseema or Ceded districts comprising Kurnool, Cuddapah, Chittoor and Anantapur districts; and (3) Telangana comprising Khammam, Nalgonda, Warangal, Karimnagar, Medak, Nizamabad, Aadilabad, Mahbubnagar and Hyderabad districts. The Circars or Coastal districts are well developed and enjoy a greater degree of affluence than the other two regions; Rayalaseema is close to the coastal districts and here rainfall is less than in the coastal districts and drought conditions prevail sometimes, and the Telangana region is of the former princely state of Nizam's Hyderabad, which is close to Maharashtra's Marathwada region and some parts of Karnataka. The state is dotted with hill ranges from the north to the south, running erratically down the middle of the country dividing it into western and eastern or coastal Andhra. These hills form integral geographical entities of Andhra life and history. In the north, there are Simhachalam and Annavaram hills, in the middle country there are the Srisailam hill ranges and in the south are the Tirumalai-Tirupati hills. The state has two great rivers, Godavari and Krishna which spring from the Western Ghats in Maharashtra and flow eastward and joins the Bay of Bengal. The Godavari enters the state of Andhra Pradesh direct from Maharashtra, but the Krishna first goes to Karnataka where it flows for a considerable distance before entering Andhra Pradesh. Besides these two big rivers, there are the Tungabhadra, the Pennar and many other small rivers and rivulets. Pennar originates in the Karnataka plateau. Like all the peninsular rivers and even those which arise in central India, like the Narmada, Sone and Chambal, all these are rain fed rivers as there is no snow below the Himalayas. Andhra Pradesh has considerable topographical variations with dense forest in the north east, flat paddy lands in the coastal plains, several noteworthy beaches along the Bay of Bengal and the stark boulder-strewn region around Hyderabad. HistoryAndhra Pradesh is said to have been the home of the Pre- Dravidian dark coloured inhabitants. Andhra region witnessed the rule of Chandragupta Maurya during which it established itself as an independent kingdom. After Ashoka, the Mauryan empire declined giving opportunity to establish smaller kingdoms. In about the third century BC the Satavahanas ruled for about five centuries. The Satavahanas established a strong rule with their territories extending upto Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh. The Satavahanas were overpowered by the Ikshvakus by the third century AD. During this period Brahmanism is said to have been revived. This reduced the influence of Buddhism which was fostered by the Satavahanas. By the end of the third century AD the Pallavas of Kanchi put an end to the rule of the Ikshavakus. Art and Architecture advanced during their rule. By 4th century AD the Anandas established their rule which lasted till 6th century. During the 7th century the Eastern Chalukyas exercised their power for many centuries. Literature was advanced during this period with promotion of the Telegu script. The Kakatiyas who were the feudatories of the Eastern Chalukyas became independent in about the 12th century. During the rule of Delhi Sultanate, Muslims repeatedly attempted to invade Andhra. In 1332 AD Ulugh Khan established the Reddi Kingdom of Kondavidu; the Velama kingdom. The Vijayanagar Kingdom also ruled independently . The rule of Muhammad Tughlag witnessed the rise of the independent Muslim Power at Bijapur. This was under the Bahamani Sultanate. In 1518 the Sultan Qili Qutub Shah declared himself independent and founded the Qutub Shah dynasty which existed till 1687. During this period literature, art and architect advanced. The city of Hyderabad was laid in 1591 by Muhammad Quli Qutub Shah. The Mughals put an end to the Qutub Shahi rule in 1687. After this the Asafjahis called Nizams emerged. They influenced Andhra Pradesh throughout the 18th century till Andhra Pradesh was ceded to the East India Company. Gradually the whole of Andhra Pradesh except Hyderabad was under the British till 1947. In 1956 Andhra Pradesh was declared as a state. The state of Andhra Pradesh has an area of 275,045 sq. km. and a population of 76.21 million. There are 23 districts, 1128 blocks and 28123 villages. The State has population density of 277 per sq. km. (as against the national average of 312). The decadal growth rate of the state is 14.59% (against 21.54% for the country) and the population of the state is growing at a slower rate than the national rate. |
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PROFILE OF THE ARUNACHAL PRADESH Geography Arunachal Pradesh (Land of the Dawn-Lit Mountains) is situated in the North-Eastern part of India with 83743 sq. kms area and has a long international border with Bhutan to the west (160 km), China to the north and north-east (1,080 km) and Myanmar to the east (440 km). It stretches from snow-capped mountains in the north to the plains of Brahmaputra valley in the south. Arunachal is the largest state area-wise in the north-east region, even larger than Assam which is the most populous. It is situated between latitude 26° 30' N and 29° 30 ' N and longitude 91° 30' E and 97° 30' E. Its main river are Siang, Kameng, Subansiri, Kamla, Siyum, Dibang, Lohit, Noa - Dihing, Kamlang, Tirap and important festivals are Mopin, Solung, Nyokum, Lossar, Si-Donyi, Boori-boot, Dree, Reh, Sipong Yong, Chalo-loku, Kshyatsowai, Tamladu, Sarok, Nichido, Sangken, Mopin, Oriah etc. Administration Arunachal Pradesh attained its statehood on 20th February 1987. It has 16 districts namely Tawang, West Kameng, East Kameng, Papumpare, Lower Subansiri, Upper Subansiri, East Siang, West Siang, Upper Siang, Dibang Valley, Lower Dibang Valley, Lohit, Changlang, Tirap, Kurung Kumey and Anjaw. It also possess 36 sub divisions, 69 blocks and 149 circles. Under the unicameral legislature system, it has 60 seats of legislative assembly. The state is represented in the Lok Sabha by two members and one member in the Rajya Sabha. DemographyThe population of Arunachal Pradesh is 1.1 million according to 2001 census and is scattered over 16 towns and 4065 villages. The State has the lowest density of 13 persons per sq. km. As against decadal growth rate of 21.54% at the national level, the population of the State has grown by 27% over the period 1991-2001. The sex ratio of Arunachal Pradesh at 893 females to 1000 males is lower than the national average of 933. Total literacy of the State rose to 44.24% from 41.59% in 1991. There are 20 major tribes and a number of sub-tribes inhabiting the area. Most of these communities are ethnically similar, having derived from and original common stock but their geographical isolation from each other has brought amongst them certain distinctive characteristics in language, dress and customs. State Capital Itanagar is the capital of Arunachal Pradesh and located at an altitude of 530 meters above MSL. It is named after Itafort meaning fort of bricks built in 14th century A.D. The state of Arunachal Pradesh has an area of 83743 sq. km. and a population of 1.1 million. There are 16 districts, 69 blocks and 4065 villages. The State has population density of 13 per sq. km. (as against the national average of 312). The decadal growth rate of the state is 27.0% (against 21.54% for the country) and the population of the state continues to grow at a much faster rate than the national rate. |
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Geography Assam, the land of hills and valleys, the land of the mighty river Brahmaputra, the land of Mother Goddess Kamakhya, lies in the northeastern corner of India. The name "Assam" is derived from the term "Asom" which, in Sanskrit, refers to unequal or unrivalled. The uneven topography of the land, full of hills, plains and rivers might, therefore, have contributed to her name. The Mongolian Ahom dynasty that had ruled Assam for more than six hundred years might also be the cause for her name. Except for a narrow corridor running through the foothills of the Himalayas that connects the state with West Bengal, Assam is almost entirely isolated from India. This state is bordering Arunachal Pradesh in the east, West Bengal, Meghalaya, Bangladesh in the west, Arunachal Pradesh, Bhutan in the north and Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Tripura in the south. Its longitude lies at 88.250E to 96.00E and latitude at 24.50N to 28.00N and temperature varies from 60C TO 380C. Assam's economy is based on agriculture and oil. Assam produces a significant part of the total tea production of the world. Assam produces more than half of India's petroleum. The humidity that is brought into Assam by the southwest monsoons, which shower an average annual rainfall of 120 inches or more on the great Brahmaputra valley and the surrounding region, also create spectacular sunsets during most of the year. The monsoons are Assam's life blood; creating a bio-diversity that can compete with the equatorial rain-forests and painting the region with a thousand shades of green. Administration The current state capital of Assam, Guwahati, known in ancient time as Pragjyotishpura or The Eastern City of Light, was the capital of Kamrup which finds frequent mention in the Great Hindu Epic Mahabharata and other Sanskrit volumes and historical lores. Its major towns are Guwahati, Dhubri, Barpeta, Dibrugarh, Tinsukia, Jorhat, Nagaon, Sivasagar, Silchar, Tezpur. Under the unicameral legislature system, it has 126 seats of legislative assembly. The state is represented in the Lok Sabha by fourteen members and seven members in the Rajya Sabha. Demography The population of Assam is 26.66 according to 2001 census and is scattered over 27 districts and 26312 villages. Assam is divided into three regions, each headed by a commissioner. Under each commissioner, there are several administrative units called Districts. The State has the highest population density among NE states, of 339 persons per sq. km. As against decadal growth rate of 21.54% at the national level, the population of the State has grown by 18.92% over the period 1991-2001. The sex ratio of Assam at 935 females to 1000 males is higher than the national average of 933. Female literacy of the State rose to 56.03% from 43.03% in 1991. There are so many major tribes and a number of sub-tribes inhabiting the area. |
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The state of Bihar has an area of 94,163 sq. km. and a population of 82.9 million. There are 9 divisions, 38 districts, 101 sub divisions, 533 blocks and 45,098 villages. The State has population density of 881 per sq. km. (as against the national average of 312). The decadal growth rate of the state is NA (against 21.54% for the country) and the population of the state continues to grow at a much faster rate than the national rate. |
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Geography Chandigarh is the 1st well planned modern city of India designed by the French architect Le Corbusier. Chandigarh and the area surrounding it were constituted as a union territory on 1st November, 1966. It serves as the joint capital of both, Punjab and Haryana States. It is bounded on the north and west by Punjab and east and south by Haryana. Total area of the Union Territory is 114 Sq.Km. Chandigarh is situated at the foot of the Shivalik range. There is hardly any forest in this union territory, except for small tracks of forest by acquiring some area on lease from Punjab and Haryana States. There is about 2542 hectares of forest area in Kansal (Leased from Punjab) and Nepali (Leased from Haryana) forest and some area in Raipur Khurd village of Chandigarh Union Territory. Forest Department is also maintaining a Deer Park in Kansal forest and a nursery near Hallo Majra village. Forest Department is also taking adequate steps to promote wild life in Kansal forest and is likely to be converted into a tourist spot. The district at present comprises of one Tehsil and equal number of community development blocks. It has 5 towns and 24 villages. History Chandigarh is the Representative of modern architecture and town planning, the city is a creation of the French architect, Le Corbusier. Chandigarh and the area surrounding it were constituted as a Union Territory on 1st November 1966. It serves as the joint capital of both Punjab and Haryana states. It is bounded on the north and west Punjab and on the east and south by Haryana. The city was named after the mother goddess of power, Chandi, whose temple Chandimandu is a feature of the new city. Le-Corbusier was assisted by his cousin, Pieree Jeanneret and the English couple E.Mazwell Fry and Jane B. Druel. These 3 architects are responsible for most of the public and residential buildings raised in Chandigarh between 1950 and 1965. The beautiful city also known as 'city of roses', was planned to house the capital to the erstwhile Punjab states. On the partition of Punjab, on linguistic basis, the present union territory was formed which in addition to the city of Chandigarh included Mani Majra town and some villages of Kharar Tehsil of Ambala District. Much of the beauty owes to the planning of the city in sectors with houses which conform to a modern design and its grand Secretariat and Assembly buildings were build according to Le-Corbusier's plans and a picturesque lake was also created along with the Shivaliks. The genius of Nek Chand led to the creation of one of Chandigarh's landmarks the 'Rock garden', and a rose garden also came up. It is one of the most attractive cities of India. It has a large lake i.e. Sukhna lake, with beautiful picnicspots. Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains and others from the religion wise break up of population, decendingly in that order. The state of Chandigarh has an area of 114 sq. km. and a population of 0.90 million. There is 1 district, and 24 villages. The State has population density of 7,900 per sq. km. (as against the national average of 312). The decadal growth rate of the state is 40.28% (against 21.54% for the country) and the population of the state continues to grow at a much faster rate than the national rate. |
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Geography Chhattisgarh is one of the few landlocked states of the country. Uttar Pradesh and Bihar bind the State in north, in the east it is bound by Orissa, in the south by Andhra Pradesh and in the west by Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. A large part of the state comes under Vindhyachal range that divides the Indian subcontinent into two. Mahanadi and Narmada are the principal rivers of the state. Narmada has its origin in Amarkantak, which lies in Chhattisgarh. History Chhattisgarh carved out of Madhya Pradesh came into being on 1 November 2000 as the 26th State of the Union. It fulfills the long-cherished demand of the tribal people. In ancient times the region was known as Dakshin-Kausal. This finds mention in Ramayana and Mahabharata also. Between the sixth and twelfth centuries Sarabhpurias, Panduvanshi, Somvanshi, Kalchuri, and Nagvanshi rulers dominated this region. Kalchuris ruled in Chhattisgarh from 980 to 1791 AD. With the advent of Britishers in 1854 Raipur gained prominence instead of capital Ratnapur. In 1904 Sambalpur was transferred to Orissa and estates of Sarguja were transferred from Bengal to Chhattisgarh. The state of Chhattisgarh has an area of 1,35,191 sq. km. and a population of 20.83 million. There are 16 districts, 146 blocks, and 20308 villages. The State has population density of 154 per sq. km. (as against the national average of 312). The decadal growth rate of the state is NA (against 21.54% for the country) and the population of the state is growing at a slower rate than the national rate. |
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GeographyThe national capital territory of Delhi with an area of 1483 sq.km is situated between the Himalayas and Aravalis range in the heart of the Indian sub-continent. It is surrounded on 3 sides by Haryana and to the east, across the river Yamuna by Uttar Pradesh. The major part of the territory lies on the western side of the river Yamuna, only some villages and the urban area of Shahdara lie on the eastern side of the river. Its greatest length is around 33 miles and the greatest breadth is 30 miles. Delhi's altitude ranges between 213 to 305 metres above the sea level. History Delhi, the capital of India before and after independence has perhaps seen, more of history than any other city in India. It was 1st created as the capital of an independent kingdom by Tomars in 736 AD and gradually it became the principal city of India and eventually its capital. Delhi changed hands at the end of the 12th century and passed on to the hands of the Muslim conquerors. Qutab-ub-din, Iltumish, Khiljis, Tughlaqs and Mughals ruled Delhi in succession. The city of Delhi passed on to the hands of the British in 1803 AD. It was only in 1911, when the capital of British empire was shifted from Calcutta to Delhi, that Delhi got its present prestige. After independence also, a kind of autonomy was conferred on the capital but it largely remained a chief commissioner’s regime. In 1956 Delhi was converted into a Union territory and gradually the chief commissioner was replaced by a Lt. Governor. In 1991, the National Capital Territory Act was passed by the parliament and a system of diarchy was introduced under which, the elected Government was given wide powers; except law and order which remained with the central Government. The actual enforcement of the legislation came in 1993. The state of Delhi has an area of 1,483 sq. km. and a population of 13.85 million. There are 9 districts, 14 blocks and 165 villages. The State has population density of 9,339 per sq. km. (as against the national average of 312). The decadal growth rate of the state is 47.02% (against 21.54% for the country) and the population of the state continues to grow at a much faster rate than the national rate. |
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GeographyDaman and Diu , is composed of two former Portuguese colonies seized by India in 1961. Daman and Diu were administered jointly with Goa as the union territory of Goa, Daman and Diu until 1987, when Goa became a separate state. It is administered by the home minister of the Central Indian government. The major language is Gujarati. Daman, Port. DamAo (1991 pop. 62,101), c.30 sq mi (80 sq km), at the mouth of the Daman River on the Gulf of Khambat, was acquired by the Portuguese in 1588. It consisted of a coastal section, Daman proper, and a detached inland section, Nagar Haveli, which in 1961 became part of the Indian union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli. Before the decline of Portuguese power in the 18th century And Daman enjoyed a large overseas trade. Rice, wheat, and tobacco are the chief crops; fishing is important. Diu (1991 pop. 39,485), c.20 sq mi (50 sq km), consisting of Diu island and a small area on the coast of the nearby Kathiawar Peninsula, was acquired by Portugal in 1535. Diu town has several splendid Catholic churches built before overseas trade declined in the late 18th cent. Fishing is the principal occupation, and salt is produced. Tourism is important for both regions; Diu has famous beaches HistoryFrom the 8th to13th century, Daman and Diu, which was a part of Goa was a stronghold of the Chowda Rajputs who were ousted by the Waghalas who in turn were expelled by Muslims in1330. It continued under Muslims rule for another two hundred years when it was conquered by the Portuguese. The Portuguese ruled Goa for 451 years (1510-1961). Albuquerque entrenched himself in the Island of Tiswadi in 1510. His successors had unbroken sway over this lovely territory for four and a half centuries despite mounting resentment and opposition to the alien rule from the people within and outside the territory. Even as the Portuguese were settling down, admirals and seamen of the Indian powers were challenging their might on the high seas. When Bahadur Shah, Sultan of Gujarat, was attacked by the Mughal Emperor Humayun he entered into a defensive alliance with the Portuguese and allowed them in 1535 to construct a fortress on the Island and maintain a garrison there. Later several attempts were made by the rulers of Gujarat in 1536, 1545 and 1546 respectively to oust the Portuguese from the Fort of Diu but to no avail. By the Treaty of 1543 the cessation of Diu to the Portuguese was finally confirmed. The fortress of Diu, an imposing structure was reconstructed after the siege of 1545 by Dom Joao de Castro. By the middle of the 16th century the Portuguese were able to annex Salcete and Bardez Talukas and the coastal areas, north of Bombay and the pockets of Daman and Diu. In 1670, a small armed band of the Arabs of Muscat surprised and plundered the fortress, retiring with the booty they had acquired. Since that happening, the other most worthy event occurred in connection with the liberation of Portuguese settlement-'Operation Vijay' just before the midnight of December 16, 1961, ending the colonial rule. The different land blocks on the west coast of India, Daman, Diu and Goa came to form one political unit after liberation from the erstwhile Portuguese regime in 1961. In 1987, when Goa become a full fledged state, Daman and Diu was separated from Goa. The UT of Daman & Diu has an area of 112 sq. km. and a population of 0.16 million. There are 2 districts, 2 blocks and 23 villages. The UT has population density of 1,412 per sq. km. (as against the national average of 312). The decadal growth rate of the state is 55.73% (against 21.54% for the country) and the population of the UT continues to grow at a much faster rate than the national rate. |
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PROFILE OF THE DADRA & NAGAR HAVELI Geography The Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli is situated on the western coast of India between the parallels of 20o and 20o25' of latitude north and between the meridian 72o50' and 73o15' of longitude. The territory is surrounded on the west, north and east by Valsad district of Gujarat and in the south, and south east by Thana and Nasik districts of Maharashtra. The district has a hilly terrain specially towards the north-east where it is surrounded by the ranges of Sahyadri mountains (western ghats). The central region of the land is almost plain and the soil is rich and fertile. The terrain is intersected by the river Daman-Ganga and its three tributaries. The river rises in the ghat 64 km from the coast and discharges itself in the Arabian Sea at the port of Daman. History After prolonged skirmishes between the Portuguese and Marathas, on 17 December 1779, the Maratha Government assigned the aggregated revenue of Rs.12,000 in a few villages of this territory to the Portuguese as compensation to ensure their friendship. The Portuguese ruled this territory until its liberation on 2 August 1954. Subsequently the administration was carried on for some time by an administrator. The territory was merged with the Indian Union on 11 August 1961 as a Union Territory. Since liberation of the territory from Portuguese rule a Varishtha Panchayat was working as an advisory body of the administration, which was, however, dissolved in August 1989 and Pradesh Council for Dadra and Nagar Haveli was announced. Subsequently Dadra and Nagar Haveli District Panchayat and 11 village Panchayats were constituted as per Constitutional amendments at all India level. The UT of Dadar & Nagar Haveli has an area of 491 sq. km. and a population of 0.22 million. There is 1 district, 1 block and 70 villages. The UT has population density of 449 per sq. km. (as against the national average of 312). The decadal growth rate of the state is 59.22% (against 21.54% for the country) and the population of the UT continues to grow at a much faster rate than the national rate. |
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GeographyThe state of
Goa is located between Latitudes 15o degrees, 48'00" N and
between 14o , 53'54" N and Longitudes 74o, 20'13" E
and 73o 40" 33" E. It is 1,022 meters above sea-level. It has a land area of 3702 Sq.
Kms and coast line of 104 kms. Goa is bounded on the north by
Sindhudurg district of Maharastra state, on the West by the Arabian sea, on
the South by Karwar district of Karnataka state and on the East by Belgaum
district of Karnataka state.The highest mountain is Sonsogor in the Sahyadri
range of the Western Ghats which is 3,827 feet. The Goa landscape is bisected
by two major rivers that open into the arabian sea which are as follows: a) The Zuari which is approximately 39 miles and The other major rivers include the Tiracol, Chapora, Sal and the Talpona rivers. All the rivers originate in the Sayhadri ranges and flow westward into the Arabian Sea and are navigable throughout the year. One third of Goa is covered by forests, the actual number being 1424.38 Sq kms. Of this, the Government owns 1224.38 Sq kms, the rest (approx 200 Sq km) is held by the private sector. AdministrationThe state of Goa is the 25th state of the Union, which has a legislative assembly with a strength of 40 elected members. Goa also has 3 elected members to the Parliament. The Governor is the official head of state and is appointed by the President of India. The Chief Minister heads the council of ministers and is democratically elected and forms the government and is responsible for policies of the government during his reign. For administrative purposes Goa is divided into two districts- North Goa and South Goa with headquarters at Panaji and Margao respectively together with six divisions and a further sub-divided into 11 talukas. History In the ancient period, Goa was called Gomanchala, Gomant, Goapuri, Gowapur and Gopakapattana. Goan's were originally the descendents from the native Dravidians who where gradually overrun by the Aryan advance from the north around 1500 BC. Aryans who settled in Western India named their state Konkan. Goa, a part of Konkan, became an important port of the ancient and medieval traders like the Phoenicians, the Persians, the Arabs, the Sumarians, the Greeks and the Romans. Until the11th century, there was a succession of empires rising and falling in Goa. Earlier, it was part of the territories of Ashoka, the great Buddhist emperor of the Mauryan Empire who reigned from 273-236 BC. In the 2nd century BC Goa was under the Satavahanas. The Western Kshatrapus ruled next from 150 AD. Then came the Bhojas who made their capital Chandrapur (now Chandor). From AD 540 the Chalukyas of Badami ruled for about 200 years. The Rashtrakutas exercised their influence from 753 AD to 973 AD. Then came the Kadambas who ruled from 1008 AD to 1300 AD. Under their rule Goa became India's maritime power and they built Gopakapattana (now Goa Velha) a few kilometres south west of old Goa which remained the capital until their fall. By1312 the political authority of Goa passed to the Muslims, who under Alaud-din Khilji's general, Malik Kafur defeated the Kadambas. The rise of the Vijayanagar empire had its effect on Goa. Vidyaranya Madhavthe ruler of the Vijayanagar defeated the Muslims in 1370 AD. The Bahamani Sultans dominated the political authority over Goa in about 1470, and in 1498 the Adil Shahi dynasty at Bijapur. It was in 1510, that Alfonso de Albequerque captured Goa from Yusuf Ali Adil Shah. This brought in the Portuguese who from then onwards influenced every walks of Goan life. Christianity was absorbed by the inhabitants. The intermixture of the locals who settled with the Portuguese soldiers evolved a new culture that was unique. The Portuguese made the city of Panaji the capital of Goa in 1843. It was a Portuguese colony till 1961, after which, it became a part of the Indian Union. Goa attained full statehood on 30th May1987 when Daman and Diu retained separate identity as a Union Territory. The state of Goa has an area of 3702 sq. km. and a population of 1.35 million. There are 2 districts, 11 blocks and 359 villages. The State has population density of 364 per sq. km. (as against the national average of 312). The decadal growth rate of the state is 15.21% (against 21.54% for the country) and the population of the state is growing at a slower rate than the national rate. |
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GeographyGujarat is situated between 20o1' and 24o7' north latitudes and 68o4' and 74o4'east longitudes on the west coast of India. It is bounded on the west by the Arabian sea, on the north-west by Pakistan, on the north by Rajasthan, on the east by Madhya Pradesh and on the south and south-east by Maharashtra. The state of Gujarat occupies the northern extremity of the western sea-board of India. It has the longest coast line 1290 km among Indian states. The state comprises three geographical regions. 1. The peninsula, traditionally known as Saurashtra. It is essentially a hilly tract sprinkled with low mountains. 2. Kutch on the north-east is barren and rocky and contains the famous Rann (desert) of Kutch, the big Rann in the north and the little Rann in the east. 3. The mainland extending from the Rann of Kutch and the Aravalli Hills to the river Damanganga is on the whole a level plain of alluvial soil. HistoryGujarat forms an area that housed the regions of the Indus Valley civilization and Harappan sites. Around 50 Harappan sites are found in Gujarat. Lothal, Rangpur, Amri, Lakhabaval, Rozdi etc. are some of these sites. This makes it an important territory that reveals the history of India. The Dravidian tribes were said to be the original inhabitants of this region. Even before the Aryan occupation of Gujarat, it is said to have had trade contracts with Sumer, the Persian Gulf in about 1000-750BC. Rock edicts in the Girnar hills indicate that Ashoka extended his domain into Gujarat. It was during the Mauryan rule that this region witnessed the influence of Buddhism. The Mauryans also promoted trade and helped in spread of its culture. In about 150BC the Bactarian Greeks under Meander is said to have instilled their rule. Till 40AD they are said to have had trade contracts with Rome. From about AD130-390 the Scythians ruled it. After 300AD the Guptas established their reign which lasted till 460AD. The Vallabhi established their sway in between (500-700AD). After the death of Harshvardhana, the Gujjars controlled it till 746AD. The Solankis ruled over Gujarat till 1143. Gujarat attained its greatest territorial extent under the Solanki dynasty, from the 9th century. Muhammud of Ghazni attacked Somnath in Gujarat leading to the downfall of the Solankis. The conquest of Ala-ud-din Khilji king of Delhi in 1288 also influenced the conditions in Gujarat. The Sultans of Delhi had their sway over Gujarat from 1298-1392AD. Ahmad Shah I, the first independent Muslim ruler of Gujarat founded Ahmadabad in 1411. Then the Mughals ruled for about 2 centuries till the Marathas terminated their rule in the mid 18th century. It was during the18th century that Gujarat was divided among number of chiefs. From 1803-1827 the British set up their administration. The British East India company first head quarters in India was at Surat. It was later moved to Bombay. Finally on May1,1960, the state of Gujarat was formed from the north and west portions of Bombay state, the remainder being renamed the state of Maharashtra. The state of Gujarat has an area of 196,024 sq. km. and a population of 50.67 million. There are 25 districts, 170 blocks and 18539 villages. The State has population density of 258 per sq. km. (as against the national average of 312). The decadal growth rate of the state is 22.66% (against 21.54% for the country) and the population of the state continues to grow at a much faster rate than the national rate. |
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Geography The state of Haryana is bounded by Uttar Pradesh in the east, Punjab in the west, Himachal Pradesh in the north and Rajasthan in the south. The Union Territory of Delhi juts into Haryana and is encompassed by it on three sides. The south west of the Haryana is dry sandy and barren. The natural boundaries are: the Shivalik hills in the north, River Yamuna in the east and river Ghaggar in the west. The south western boundary is provided by the range of Aravalli hills, which run through southern Delhi and the Gurgaon district up to Alwar. There are some high ridges running from the north-west to south-east with numerous spurs branching out in all directions. These hills are known as the Morni and Tipra ranges. They belong to the outer ranges of the Himalayas. History The Treatise written by Manu, the lawgiver in
Indian mythology, designated Haryana as Brahmavart from where the
Brahmanical religion and social system grew up and spread outwards to the
rest of the country. In a sense, therefore, one can say that much of the
Hindu religion and society was formed on the flat, dry plains of the
present-day Haryana. With Delhi as the prize awaiting generations of invaders, Haryana served as a sort of a geographical corridor. Over the centuries, waves of invaders poured across the plains of Haryana, sometimes fighting battles there. At the end of the 14th century, Timur led an army through the state towards Delhi. In 1526, the invading Mughals defeated the armies of the ruling Lodi dynasty at the Battle of Panipat and 30 years later, in 1556, the Mughals won yet another decisive battle there. By the mid-18th century, the Marathas were in control of Haryana, an era that was brought to an end after the Afghans under Ahmed Shah Abdali defeated the Maratha forces in the third battle of Panipat in 1761. The state of Haryana has an area of 44,212 sq. km. and a population of 21.14 million. There are 21 districts, 119 blocks and 6955 villages. The State has population density of 478 per sq. km. (as against the national average of 312). The decadal growth rate of the state is 28.43% (against 21.54% for the country) and the population of the state continues to grow at a much faster rate than the national rate. |
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PROFILE OF THE HIMACHAL PRADESH Geography Himachal Pradesh, spread over 55,673 sq. km. is bordered by Jammu and Kashmir on north, Punjab on west and south-west, Haryana on south Uttaranchal on south -east and by Tibet on the east. It is a mountainous region, known for the natural beauty of its forests, rivers, valleys, hills and dales and is rich in natural resources. The state is located in altitudes ranging from 450 meters to 6500 meters above sea level. It is veiled from the plains by the Shivalik range of mountains. (Shivalik literally means the tresses of Lord Shiva). There is a general increase in elevation from west to east and from south to north. The physiographic divisions from south to north are (1) The outer Himalayas or the Shivaliks (2) The lesser Himalayas or the central zone (3) The great Himalayan and Zaskar or the northern zone. The Shivaliks consist of lower hills (about 600mtrs above sea level). These hills are composed of highly unconsolidated deposits which causes a high rate of erosion and deforestation. The lesser Himalayas are marked by a gradual elevation towards the Dhauladhar and the Pir Panjal ranges. The rise is more abrupt in the Shimla hills, to the south of which is the high peak of church- Chandni (3647mtrs). North of river Sutlej, the rise is gradual. The Kangra valley is a longitudinal trough at the foot of the Dhauladhar range. Dhauladhar which means the 'White Peak' has a mean elevation of about 4550 meters. It has an abrupt rise of 3600mtrs above the Kangra valley. The largest of the lesser Himalayan ranges, the Pir Panjal, branches off from the greater Himalayan range near the bank of the river Sutlej. Numerous glaciers exist and several passes lie across Pir Panjal. The Rohtang Pass (4800mtrs) is one of them. The great Himalayan range (5000 - 6000 meters) runs along the eastern boundary and is cut across by the Sutlej. Some of the famous passes in this range are Kangla (5248mtrs), Bara Lacha(4512mtrs), Parang (5548mtrs) and Pin Parbati (4802mtrs). The Zaskar range is the eastern most range and separates Kinnaur and Spiti from Tibet. It has peaks rising over 6500mtrs, Shilla (7026mtrs) and Riwo Phargyul (6791mtrs) are the highest among its peaks. There are many glaciers or Shigri (local name) over the Zaskar and the great Himalayan ranges. Himachal has rich flora. Forests cover about 38% of the area. Several varieties of vegetation from the Himalayan meadows and high altitude birch and down to the tropical shrub and bamboo forests of the low foot hills are found here. It has a variety of wild life too. Himachal has 49 cities and towns. The smallest town is Naina Devi and the largest is Shimla with a population of about 6,17,404. Urban population is only 7.5% of the total population. Most of the people live in rural habitations varying in size from isolated hamlets to conglomerated settlements. HistoryThe region of Himachal Pradesh was called 'Deva Bhoomi ' (the land of the gods). From the early period of its history it was inhabited by tribes like the Koilis, Halis, Dagis, Dhaugris, Dasa, Khasas, Kinnars and Kirats. The Aryan influence in this area of India dates to the period before the Rigveda. Sankar Varma, the king of Kashmir exercised his influence over regions of Himachal Pradesh in about 883 AD. This region witnessed the invasion of Mahmud of Ghazni in 1009AD, who during that period invaded and looted the wealth from the temples in the North of India. In about 1043AD the Rajputs ruled over this territory. Known for its vibrant and exquisite natural scenery it received the royal patronage of the Mughal rulers who erected several works of art as an appreciation of this land. In 1773 AD the Rajputs under Sansar Chand possessed this region, till the attack by Maharaja Ranjit Singh in 1804 which crushed the Rajput power here. The Gurkhas who migrated from Nepal captured this area and devastated it. In about the early 19th century the British exercised their influence and annexed the areas of Shimla after the Gurkha War of 1815-16. It became a centrally administered territory in 1948 with the integration of 31 hill states and received additional regions added to it in 1966. The state of Himachal Pradesh has an area of 55,673 sq. km. and a population of 6.08 million. There are 12 districts, 77 blocks and 20118 villages. The State has population density of 109 per sq. km. (as against the national average of 312). The decadal growth rate of the state is 17.54% (against 21.54% for the country) and the population of the state is growing at a slower rate than the national rate. |
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PROFILE OF THE JAMMU & KASHMIR Geography One of the largest states of the Indian union, Jammu and Kashmir covers an area of 2,22,236 sq km. This includes 78,114 sq km under illegal occupation of Pakistan, 5,180 sq km handed over by Pakistan to China, and 37,555 sq km under occupation of China. The state lies between 32o 17' to 36o 58' North latitude and 73o 26' to 80o 30' East longitude. From North to South, it extends over 640 km and from East to West, 480 km. It occupies the North-West niche of India, bounded on the South by Himachal Pradesh and the Punjab, on the South West and West by Pakistan, on the North by Chinese Turkistan and a little of Russian Turkistan, and on the East by Chinese Tibet - thus strategically bordering the territories of three countries - Russia, China, and Pakistan. Geographically, the Jammu and Kashmir state is divided into four zones. First, the mountainous and semi- mountainous plain commonly known as Kandi belt, the second, hills including Siwalik ranges, the third, mountains of Kashmir valley, and Pir Panjal range and the fourth is Tibetan tract of Ladakh and Kargil. History The land of snow clad mountains that shares a common boundary with Afghanistan, China and Pakistan, Jammu and Kashmir is the northernmost state of the Indian Union. Known for its extravagant natural beauty this land formed a major caravan route in the ancient times. Trade relations through these routes between China and Central Asia made it a land in-habited by various religious and cultural groups. Kashyapa is said to have laid the foundation of Kashmir, which was referred to as 'Kashyapamar'. Owing to the several climatic conditions during winter people here lead a nomadic life with their cattles. It was also during the reign of Kashyapa that the various wandering groups led a settled life Buddhism influenced Kashmir during the rule of Ashoka and the present town of Srinagar was founded by him. This place was earlier called 'Srinagari' or Purandhisthan. The Brahmins who inhabited these areas admired and adorned Buddhism too. From the regions of Kashmir Buddhism spread of Ladakh, Tiber, Central Asia and China. Various traditions co-existed till the advent of the Muslims. The Mughal had a deep influence on this land and introduced various reforms in the revenue industry and other areas that added to the progress of Kashmir. In 1820 Maharaj Gulab Singh got the Jagir of Jammu from Maharaj Ranjit Sigh. He is said to have laid the foundation of the Dogra dynasty. In 1846 Kashmir was sold to Maharaj Gulab Singh. Thus the two areas of Kashmir and Jammu were integrated into a single political unit. A few chieftains who formed part of the administration were of the Hunza, Kishtwar, Gilgit Ladakh. During the Dogra dynasty trade improved, along with the preservation and promotion of forestry. Art and crafts also developed through encouragement. After, independence of India in 1947 this region formed a part of the Indian territory and is an integral region that contributed its part to preserve the unity and integrity of India. The state of Jammu & Kashmir has an area of 2,22,236 sq. km. and a population of 10.14 million. There are 22 districts, 107 blocks and 6652 villages. The State has population density of 45 per sq. km. (as against the national average of 312). The decadal growth rate of the state is 31.42% (against 21.54% for the country) and the population of the state continues to grow at a much faster rate than the national rate. |
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GeographyThe new State Jharkhand formerly a part of Bihar state, was formed on November 15th, 2000 with Ranchi as its capital. Jharkhand is the 28th state of the Indian Union. The new state largely comprises of the forest tracks of Chhotanagpur plateau and Santhal Pargana and has distinct cultural traditions. This area in and around the districts of Chotanagpur and Santhal Parganas was formerly Southern Bihar and is thickly wooded and consists of a succession of hills. HistoryJharkhand which came into being on 15 November 2000 as the 28th State of the Union is the homeland of the tribals for which they had been dreaming for centuries. According to legend, Raja Jai Singh Deo of Orissa had declared himself the ruler of Jharkhand in the 13th century. It largely comprises forest tracks of Chhotanagpur plateau and Santhal Pargana and has distinct cultural traditions. In post-Independence era, the Jharkhand Mukti Morcha started a regular agitation which impelled the government to establish the Jharkhand Area Autonomous Council in 1995 and finally a full-fledged State. The state of Jharkhand has an area of 79,714 sq. km. and a population of 26.9 million. There are 24 districts, 211 blocks and 32615 villages. The State has population density of 338 per sq. km. (as against the national average of 312). The decadal growth rate of the state is NA (against 21.54% for the country) and the population of the state continues to grow at a much faster rate than the national rate. |
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GeographyKarnataka is the eighth largest state in India in both area and population. It was formerly known as Mysore. On November 1,1973, the name Mysore was changed to Karnataka. Karnataka lies between 74o and 78o East longitudes and 11o and 18o North latitudes. It is situated on the western edge of the Deccan plateau and is surrounded by Maharashtra and Goa on the north, Andhra Pradesh on the east, and Tamil Nadu and Kerala on the south. On the west, it opens out on the Arabian Sea. Geographically, Karnataka occupies three natural regions like the Coastal strip, the Sahyadris and the Deccan plateau. They are known in Kannada as Paschima Karavali, Malnad and Maidan respectively. The topography of Karnataka is largely a reflection of the geology of the state. The Sahyadris are covered with evergreen forests. They drop abruptly towards the Arabian Sea, thus forming a natural barrier between the plateau and the coastal regions. Four passes provide access to the coast. They are the Subrahmanya Ghat, the Charmadi Ghat, the Shiradi Ghat, and the famous Agumbe Ghat. The western Ghats slope gently towards the Bay of Bengal. This is the plateau region drained by the two principal rivers namely Krishna and the Kaveri. The average elevation of the plateau is about 610 meters above sea-level. HistoryThe plateau of Karnataka is said to have been associated to the happenings in the Epic Ramayana. It witnessed a horde of historical activities since the ancient prehistoric civilization. Having the Arabian Sea on its west it is said to have been influenced by new cultures from the west coast. This region had a considerable influence of the Jain culture. The Magadhan ruler Chandragupta Maurya, influenced this region till his death at Shravana Belagola. Karnataka witnessed the rule of the Satavahanas for nearly 300 years, followed by the Kadambas and the Pallavas. The Gangadikaras ruled till 11th century. The Chalukyas of Badami and later the Rashtrakutas ruled over this region. The Kalacharis, Hoysalas, Yadavas, Kakatiyas exercised their control. Karnataka also witnessed the onslaught of the Muslims under Malik Kafur. The Hindu power established itself in 1336 at Vijayanagar by Harihara (Hakka) and Bukka. Vijayanagar period was an age of glory and prosperity. The Bahamanis also established themselves in 1337. In 1565 the empire of Vijayanagar was shattered by the Sultans of the Deccan at the famous battle of Talikota. Meanwhile in 1399 AD, the Wodeyar dynasty established itself in Mysore, a small principality and made Srirangapatnam its capital. Wodeyar's were overthrown by Hyder Ali. Mysore witnessed the strong rule of Hyder Ali and his son Tipu Sultan. In 1799 the British controlled Mysore, the hub of Karnataka, and it remained as a princely state up to 1947. The state of Karnataka earlier called as Mysore, became a state of the Indian Union in 1973. The state of Karnataka has an area of 191,791 sq. km. and a population of 52.85 million. There are 29 districts, 176 blocks and 29406 villages. The State has population density of 275 per sq. km. (as against the national average of 312). The decadal growth rate of the state is 17.51% (against 21.54% for the country) and the population of the state is growing at a slower rate than the national rate. |
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GeographyKerala is a small state, tucked away in the south west corner of India. It represents only 1.18 percent of the total area of India but has 3.34% of the total population of the country. It is separated from the rest of the peninsula by natural geographic boundaries. Kerala may be divided into three geographical regions (1) high land (2) mid land (3) low land. The high lands slope down from the Western Ghats, which rise to an average height of 900m, with a number of peaks over 1,800 m in height. This is the area of major plantations like tea, coffee, rubber, cardamom and other species. The mid land lies between the mountains and the low lands. It is made up of undulating hills and valleys. This is an area of intensive cultivation - cashew, coconut, areca nut, cassava, banana, rice, ginger, pepper, sugarcane and vegetables of different varieties are grown in this area. The 'Western Ghats' with their rich primeval forests having a high degree of rainfall, form the eastern boundary and extend from the north to Kanyakumari in the south. The entire western border is caressed by the Arabian sea. Between these natural boundaries lies the narrow strip of land extending from Kasarkode in the north to Parasala in the south. The south-west and north-east monsoons with their accompanying downpour keep the land soaked, for a period of five to six months in a year. The 'western Ghats', which form the eastern ramparts of the state rise from very low altitudes of a few hundred metres upto about 2,000 metre on an average. The 'Anamudi' peak in the high ranges of Kottayam district rises to a height of 3,000 metres and represents the highest point in India, south of Himalayas. 'Agastyakutam' the southern most peak in the Ghats, is 2,044 metres. 'Ezhimala' is a rugged hill jutting into the sea in startling isolation on the Kannur coast. Ghats are served as an effective rampart. The range has many passes which have allowed a controlled interaction between Kerala, and the lands lying beyond the mountains. The 'Peranbadi Ghat' provides access to Coorg, the 'Periyar Ghat' to the Nilgiri district. The Palghat pass, 32 km broad, has played a bigger role in the alarums and excursions of history. In south, the Bodinaikannur pass connects Devikulam and Munnar in Kerala with the Madurai district of Tamil Nadu. Other passes linking Kerala with Tamil Nadu are Thevaram, the Kambam, the Kumili and the Aramboly HistoryLegends speak of Kerala as Parasuramakshetram, 'the land of Parasurama'. The land of Kerala is believed to be a gift of the Arabian Sea. Owing to its favourable location this land fostered trade and established contacts with Egypt, Assyria, Greeks, Romans and the Chinese. The Malayalam era 'Kollavarsha' is believed to have started in the 9th century A.D. During this period of internal strife in Kerala, Cheraman Perumal founded the Chera dynasty (9th century AD). In about 1498 the Portuguese came to Calicut and in 1502 to Kochi. Kerala was then divided into the Kingdoms of Malabar, Kochi and Travancore. In 1776, Malabar was under the rule of Hyder Ali. In 1792 Tipu Sultan ceded it to the British. While Malabar witnessed the direct rule of the British, Travancore and Kochi were princely states owing allegiance to the British. It was in 1949 that the three territories were integrated and in 1956 the state of Kerala was formed, and joined the Indian Union. The state of Kerala has an area of 38,863 sq. km. and a population of 31.84 million. There are 14 districts, 152 blocks and 1364 villages. The State has population density of 819 per sq. km. (as against the national average of 312). The decadal growth rate of the state is 9.43% (against 21.54% for the country) and the population of the state is growing at a slower rate than the national rate. |
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Geography The enchanting group of coral islands in the Arabian Sea form the smallest Union Territory of Lakshadweep. This archipelago consists of 12 atolls, three reefs and five submerged banks. Of its 36 islands covering an area of 32Sq.Km only 10 are inhabited. They are Adroit, Amini, Agatti, Bitra, Chetlat, Kadmat, Kalpeni, Kavaratti (Headquarters), Kiltan and Minicoy. Bitra is the smallest of all. These islands earlier known as Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi islands are irregularly scattered between 8o and 12o30' North latitude and between 71o and 74o east longitude. Lakshadweep lies about 220 to 440 Km from the coastal city of Cochin in Kerala. The islands which were administered at various places were grouped into a Union Territory in 1956 and the name of this Union Territory was changed to Lakshadweep with effect from November 1, 1973. In 1964 the administration had shifted to Kavaratti island. Though smallest in area, the Union Territory of Lakshadweep has extensive lagoon area of about 4,200Sq.Km, 20000Sq Km of territorial waters and about four lakh Sq Km of economic zone. The territory has tremendous economic potentialities because of extensive economic zone. Malayalam is the language spoken in all islands except Minicoy where people speak Mahl written in Divehi which is spoken in Maldives also. The entire local population because of their economic and social condition have been classified as scheduled Tribes. Scheduled Castes exist in Lakshadweep group of islands. History It is believed that people from Kerala were the settlers in the Laccadive and Amini groups of Islands. A legend said that Cheraman Perumal, who was the ruler of Kerala in the 9th century for about 36 years was attracted towards Islam in his old age. He divided the country among his kinsmen and one night secretly sailed for Mecca in a ship belonging to one Arab merchant. When his departure came to be known, one of his followers, the Raja of Kolathiri (Chirakkal) sent some brave soldiers to bring him back. The party started from Cannanore capital of the Raja of Chirakal but faced a fierce storm in the sea and could not catch the Arab ship in which the Perumal had left. The ship sent by the Raja of Chirakkal struck at an uninhabited island which is now known as Bangaram. At the end of the storm the party returned home. Way back they sighted some other small islands. After returning to Cannanore, they reported about the existence of these islands to the Raja who announced that all who settled in these islands would have the right of ownership of the lands cultivated by them. Many brave and hardy people were attracted by the terms offered by the Raja and settled in the islands. It is believed that Amini was the first island to be colonised. Later, people from Amini went to Chetlat and colonised it. Another legend said that these islands are known to have been inhabited since unknown past. There existed in Amini a council of four principal families. This council had some authority over chetlat and other islands also but in many matters all islands enjoyed certain amount of autonomy. Historically the first reference is from the periplus of the Erythrarean Sea (A.D.90). Describing the trade of the Malabar coast, the author mentions "tortoise shell from the islands off Limurike", the latter being the name given to Malabar or part of it in ancient times. The other classical reference is found in Ptolemy's Geography (Circa A.D.150). He refers to a multitude of islands in the Indian Ocean lying around Taprobane (Sri Lanka) and numbering about 1378. He gives a long list of islands, out of which a few belonging to Lakshadweep. The travelers like Al Biruni in A.D.1030, Abu Zayad in A.D.950 and Marco Polo in A.D.1254-1324 mentioned about the islands in the coast of Kerala. Marco Polo gives a fantastic account of their marriage custom, fish trade and collection of ambergris. During the16th century the island have to suffered greatly at the hands of the Portuguese. A major part of the inhabitants were put to death and many were taken prisoners. The Portuguese built a fort at Amini. Because of their cruelty and harshness the islanders were driven to seem assistance of Raja of Chriakkal. As a result of his intervention in this matter the Raja could eventually establish his authority over all the islands. He held them for many years and later transferred them in Jaghir, with the title of Raja upon the Ali Raja, the head of the Moplah community in Cannanore. The Raja of Cannanore first managed the islands through the chiefs of the islanders themselves called 'Muthalals'. Later on the Rajas used to send their own agents known as 'Kariakars'. Chetlat was administered by the 'Kariakar' stationed at Amini. In A.D.1764-65, the Cannanore Raja levied an export duty on coir and later imposed duty on rice imported from mainland for home consumption. In 1783 as a result of the compulsory introduction of monopoly an export of coir, the people of Aminidivi group of islands including Chetlat rose in revolt and extended allegiance to Tipu Sultan attached the Aminidivi Islands in 1779 since then, the islands were under the British, till India's Independence in 1947. The state of Lakshdweep has an area of 32 sq. km. and a population of 0.06 million. There are 1 district, 1 block and 24 villages. The State has population density of 1,895 per sq. km. (as against the national average of 312). The decadal growth rate of the state is 17.30% (against 21.54% for the country) and the population of the state is growing at a slower rate than the national rate. |
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Geography: Maharashtra is the third largest state in India both in area and population. The state is bounded by the Arabian Sea in the west, Gujarat in the north west, Madhya Pradesh in the north and the east, Andhra Pradesh in the south east and Karnataka and Goa in the south. Maharashtra consists of two major relief divisions. The plateau which is a part of the Deccan tableland and the Konkan coastal strip abutting on the Arabian Sea. The state of Maharashtra forms a huge irregular triangle with its base on the west coast of India, overlooking the Arabian Sea. The coastal strip, about 720 km, long and not more than 80 km wide, is the Konkan dotted with paddy fields and coconut gardens. The east of the Sahyadris stretches a vast plateau forming the apex of the triangle. The major parts of Maharashtra is underlined by rocks of volcanic origin the lavas. These lava beds are a distinctive feature of landscape in Maharashtra and many of them present as black and massive girdles a spectacular display on the scarp face of the Sahyadri. The drainage system of Maharashtra consists of both west-flowing rivers draining to the Arabian Sea and east flowing one which drain to the Bay of Bengal after traversing Andhra Pradesh and Mysore. The major rivers of the plateau are Tapi, The Godavari, the Bhima, the Krishna, the Wardha, and Wanganga. The Godavari is the principal river of Maharashtra. History: From the time of the epic Mahabharatha, the region called Vidharba is one besides Marathwada, which comprises Maharashtra today. This region was a part of the Mauryan empire. After the fall of the Mauryan, Maharashtra was ruled by diverse dynasties, each adding to the cultural flavour of the region and each leaving behind its own distinctive marks. The Satavahanas administrated this area followed by the -Vakatas, the Rashtrakutas, Kalachuris, Chalukyas and the Yadhavas. In the 11th century AD, the Delhi Sultanate established their rule. This was overthrown by the Bahmani dynasty which ruled till the end of the 15the century. The 17th century heralded the sudden rise in power of the Maraths-Marathi speaking hindu warriors of the region. The Marathas emerged as a strong power under Shivaji who ruled from 1646 to 1680. The Peshwas who succeeded Shivaji built up a Maratha empire which extended from Gwalior in the north to Tanjore in the south, till the 18th century after which the British exercised their influence in this region. From 1818, it became a part of the Bombay Presidency. In the year 1960, under the Bombay Re-organization Act, Maharashtra and Gujarat were separated and Maharashtra attained statehood. The state of Maharashtra has an area of 307,713 sq. km. and a population of 96.88 million. There are 37 districts, 358 blocks and 43711 villages. The State has population density of 314 per sq. km. (as against the national average of 312). The decadal growth rate of the state is 22.73% (against 21.54% for the country) and the population of the state continues to grow at a much faster rate than the national rate. |
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Geography Manipur is bordering Mizoram and Myanmar in the east, Assam in the West, Assam and Nagaland in the north and Mizoram and Myanmar in the south. Manipur is a part of India both from the point of view of geography and culture. It never lost its basic link with the mainstream of the Indian culture. The culture of Manipur has been a part of Indian culture. It accepted aspects of Indian culture and transmitted them to Burma, China and other lands of East Asia. Its major crop are Maize, Oil seeds, Pulses, Rice, Sugarcane, Wheat, Rubber, Coffee, Cabbage, Brinjal, Carrot, Cauliflower, Bean, Potato, Pea, Radish, Tomato. The state of Manipur is also known as Jewel of India and its beauty lies in the shadow of hills. Administration Manipur had been a union territory from 1956 and a full- fledged state from 21st January, 1972. Manipur has 9 districts namely Bishnupur, Chandel, Churachandpur, Porompat, Lamphelpat, Senapati, Tamenglong, Thoubal, Ukhru. Handloom is the biggest industry in Manipur. Its major towns are Moreh, Churachandpur, Andro, Jiribam, Thoubal, Kakching, Imphal, Ukhrul, Mao, Tamenglong, Kongpokpi, Chandal, Moirang. It has 60 seats of legislative assembly of which 19 are reserved for scheduled Castes. The state is represemnted in the Lok Sabha by two members and one member in the Rajya Sabha. Demography The state of Manipur has an area of 22327 sq. km. and a population of 2.17 million. There are 9 districts, 36 blocks and 2391 villages. The State has population density of 97 per sq. km. (as against the national average of 312). The decadal growth rate of the state is 17.94% (against 21.54% for the country) and the population of the state continues to grow at a much faster rate than the national rate. |
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Geography The state of Meghalaya is bounded on the north by Goalpara, Kamrup, Nagoan and Karbi Anglong districts of Assam State, and on the east by the Districts of Cachar and North Cachar Hills, also of the State of Assam. On the south and west is Bangladesh. Meghalaya lies between 20.1 ‘N and 26.5 latitude and 85.49 ‘E and 92.52 "E longitude. Administration Meghalaya "the abode of clouds", was inaugurated as an autonomous state on April 2, 1970 and declared a full-fledged State on January 21, 1972. The total area of the State is 22,429 square kilometer. The State is now divided into seven administrative districts. They are (1) Jaintia Hills District, created on February 22, 1972. (2) East Garo Hills District and (3) West Garo Hills District created on October 22, 1976. (4) East Khasi Hills District and (5) West Khasi Hills District created on October 28,1976. (6) Ri Bhoi District created on June 4, 1992 and (7) South Garo Hills District created on June 18, 1992. They are predominantly inhabited by the Khasis, the Jaintias and the Garos. These tribal communities are the descendents of very ancient people having distinctive traits and ethnic origins. Meghalaya’s capital, Shillong and also the district headquarters of East Khasi Hills District is situated at an altitude of 1,496 meters above sea level. The capital city has a bracing climate throughout the year. This city has been the seat of Government since the consolidation of the British administration in this part of India, over a century ago. It has 60 seats of legislative assembly. The state is represented in the Lok Sabha by two members and one member in the Rajya Sabha. Demography The population of Meghalaya is 2.32 according to 2001 census and is scattered over 7 districts 39 blocks and 6026 villages. The State has the density of 103 persons per sq. km. As against decadal growth rate of 21.54% at the national level, the population of the State has grown by 30.65% over the period 1991-2001. The sex ratio of Meghalaya at 972 females to 1000 males is higher than the national average of 933. Female literacy of the State rose to 60.41% from 44.85% in 1991. State CapitalMeghalaya’s capital, Shillong and also the district headquarters of East Khasi Hills District is situated at an altitude of 1,496 meters above sea level. The capital city has a bracing climate throughout the year. This city has been the seat of Government since the consolidation of the British administration in this part of India, over a century ago. It is also known as ‘the Scotland of the East’. The city is one of the few hill stations with motorable roads all round. Shillong has its own charm, different from other hill stations, and presents a natural scenic beauty with waterfalls, brooks, pine grooves and gardens. The place, the people, the flora and fauna and the climate all combine to make Shillong an ideal resort throughout the year. Shillong offers arrangements for tourists with good hotel accommodation, facilities for sports, fishing and hiking. Shillong is also the headquarters of the North Eastern Council, the Eastern Air Command, the Assam Rifle, the Assam Regimental Centre and 101 Comm. Zone. Here, there is the North Eastern Hill University and the official residence of the Governor of Meghalaya. A bench of the Guwahati High Court has been set up in Shillong. |
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Geography The state is bordering by Myanmar in the east and south and Bangladesh in the west, Mizoram occupies an area of great strategic importance in the north-eastern corner of India. It has a total of 630 miles boundary with Myanmar and Bangladesh. Mizoram has the most variegated hilly terrain in the eastern part of India. The hills are steep and are separated by rivers that flow either to the north or the south creating deep gorges between the hill ranges. The average height of the hills is about 900 metres. The highest peak in Mizoram is the Phawngpui (Blue Mountain) with a height of 2210 metres. Mizoram has a pleasant climate. It is generally cool in summer and not very cold in winter. During winter, the temperature varies from 11 C to 21 C and in the summer it varies from 20 C to 29 C. The entire area is under the direct influence of the monsoon. It rains heavily from May to September and the average rainfall in Aizawl is 208 cm. Its latitude lies at 21o58'&24o35'N and longitude- 92o 15' & 93 o 29' E. Administration Mizoram is a mountainous region, which became the 23rd State of the Union in February 1987. It was one of the districts of Assam till 1972 when it became Union Territory. Mizoram is a state with one of the highest literacy rates in India. Situated on the extreme south of the north-eastern India, it is a land of unending natural beauty with an array of flora and fauna. It has 40 seats of legislative assembly. One member each represents the state in the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. Demography The population of Mizoram is 0.89 million according to 2001 census and is scattered over 9 districts, 26 blocks and 817 villages. The State has the density of 42 persons per sq. km. As against decadal growth rate of 21.54% at the national level, the population of the State has grown by 29.18% over the period 1991-2001. The sex ratio of Mizoram at 935 females to 1000 males is higher than the national average of 933. Female literacy of the State rose to 86.13% from 78.6% in 1991. State CapitalThe capital of Mizoram, Aizawl is wonderfully blue in the winter, and in the enchanting view of wide stretches of a vast lake of cloud. This place has great natural beauty and endless variety of landscape and is very rich in flora and fauna. Almost all kinds of tropical tress and plants thrive in Mizoram, especially in Aizawl. The hills are marvelously green. |
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Geography Madhya Pradesh lies in the heart of India. It covers an area of 3,08,245 sq. km, making it the biggest state in the country, bordering seven other states - Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Rajasthan. Madhya Pradesh consists largely of a plateau streaked with the hill ranges of the Vindhyas and the Satpuras with the Chhattisgarh plains to the east. The hills give rise to the main river systems - the Narmada and the Tapti, running from east to west, and the Chambal, Sone, Betwa, Mahanadi, and the Indravati west to east. History Madhya Pradesh, came into being in 1956, its cultural heritage is ancient and chequered. Innumerable monuments, exquisitely carved temples, stupas, forts and palaces on hilltops, recreate in the visitor's mind visions of empires and kingdoms, of great warriors and builders, poets and musicians, saints and philosophers; of Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Islam. India's immortal poet-dramatist Kalidasa and the great musician of the Mughal court, Tansen, hailed from the region. Customs and beliefs in each era have added colour to the fairs and festivals. Dussehra in Bastar; Shivratri in Khajuraho, Bhojpur, Pachmarhi and Ujjain; Ramnaumi in Chitrakoot and Orchha, Bhagoriya in Jhabua and the annual festival of dances at Khajuraho are events for the tourists to remember. The Malwa Festival in Indore, Mandu and Ujjain, and the Pachmarhi Festival bring alive the rich folk and tribal culture of the state in colourful celebrations. The antiquity of Madhya Pradesh goes back to the dawn of history. Widely distributed rock shelter paintings present an eloquent testimony of its hoary past. Madhya Pradesh which forms central India is associated with some famous names in Indian History. Emperor Ashoka began his career from Ujjain. Major portion of Central India formed part of the Gupta Empire (300-550 AD). In the first half of the seventh century, it was part of emperor Harsha’s kingdom. In the early eleventh century the muslims entered central India, first Mahmud of Ghazni and later Mohammad Ghori incorporated certain parts with Sultanate of Delhi. It also formed part of Mughal empire. Till the death of Mahadji Scindia in 1794, Marathas ruled supreme in Central India, but thereafter independent smaller states came into existence. Some great women rulers like Rani Ahilyabai Holkar of Indore, Gond queen Rani Kamla devi and Rani Durgawati have carved a niche for them in history. The state of Madhya Pradesh has an area of 3,08,245 sq. km. and a population of 60.35 million. There are 48 districts, 313 blocks and 55393 villages. The State has population density of 195 per sq. km. (as against the national average of 312). The decadal growth rate of the state is NA (against 21.54% for the country) and the population of the state continues to grow at a much faster rate than the national rate. |
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Geography Nagaland is a vibrant hill state Located in the extreme North Eastern End of India, bounded by Myanmar in the East; Assam in the West; Arunachal Pradesh and a part of Assam in the North with Manipur in the south. It offers rich incomparable traditional and cultural heritage. The population of Nagaland is entirely Tribe. The Distinctive character and identify of each tribe in terms of Tradition, custom, language and dresses is clearly discernible to the visitors. Its Longitude lies at 93.200E to 95.150E and Latitude: 25.60 N to 26.40N. Administration In January 1961 the Government of India conferred the status of a state on Nagaland but the state of Nagaland was officially inaugurated on December 1, 1963. It has 60 seats of legislative assembly. One member each represents the state in the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha. Demography The population of Nagaland is 1.99 million according to 2001 census and is scattered over 11 districts and 1317 villages. The State has the density of 120 persons per sq. km. As against decadal growth rate of 21.54% at the national level, the population of the State has highest grown in NE states by 64.53% over the period 1991-2001. The sex ratio of Nagaland at 900 females to 1000 males is lower than the national average of 933. Female literacy of the State rose to 61.92% from 54.75% in 1991. There are many distinct tribes and a number of sub-tribes inhabiting the area such as Angamis, Zeliangs, Rengmas, Kukis, Semas, Aos, Lothas, Chang, Sangtam, Koyaks. State Capital The Capital of Nagalnd, Kohima is beautifully located in the north-eastern hilly area. The state of Nagaland has an area of 16579 sq. km. and a population of 1.99 million. There are 11 districts, 52 blocks and 1317 villages. The State has population density of 120 per sq. km. (as against the national average of 312). The decadal growth rate of the state is 64.53% (against 21.54% for the country) and the population of the state continues to grow at a much faster rate than the national rate. |
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Geography Orissa extends from 17o 49'N to 22o 34'N latitude and from 81o 29'E to 87o 29'E longitude on the eastern coast of India. It has an area about 155,707 Sq Km. It is bounded by West Bengal in the north-east, Bihar in the north, Madhya Pradesh in the west, Andhra Pradesh in the south and the Bay of Bengal in the east. Orissa was separated from Bihar and came into existence on 1 April 1936. The capital was established at the historic city of Cuttack, located at the apex of the Mahanadi delta. In 1956, it shifted to Bhubaneswar, a planned modern town of the post-independence period. Physiographically, Orissa can be divided into three broad regions 1) The Coastal plains, (2) The Middle mountainous country (3) The Plateaus and rolling up lands. History: Orissa was originally inhabited by the aboriginal tribes, the Buiyas and Gonds. They confined themselves to the forest and hills when the Dravidian race settled here. Orissa was known as Kalinga in the early period. Kalinga is related with the greatest Mauryan empire ruler Ashoka, who, on seeing the horrors of war in his battle with the Kalingan army abandoned warfare and, embraced Buddhism. In the second century AD, Kharavela established a strong rule . The Guptas dominated over this region in about the 4th century AD. Till the 10th century Orissa witnessed the rule of the Bhaumakara dynasty, followed by the Soma dynasty. From the 11th to 12th century, The Gangas became prominent. The Muslims Sultanate their influence on Orissa during the 13th and 14th centuries. This continued till 1568. This was followed by the rule of the Mughals which lasted till the death of Aurangzeb. After his death the Mughal power which declined bringing in the influence of the Nawab off Bengal who ruled it till he ceded this territory over Orissa began in about 1803 AD when the Marathas were suppressed by the diplomatic treaty's of the East India Company. It was only in 1949 that the state of Orissa attained its present status. The state of Orissa has an area of 155,707 sq. km. and a population of 36.80 million. There are 30 districts, 314 blocks and 51349 villages. The State has population density of 236 per sq. km. (as against the national average of 312). The decadal growth rate of the state is 16.25% (against 21.54% for the country) and the population of the state is growing at a slower rate than the national rate. |
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Geography: The Union Territory of Puducherry encompasses an area of only 479 sq km with Puducherry town and its villages covering 290 sq.km surrounded by the South Arcot District, Karaikal town and its villages covering 161 sq.km surrounded by Thanjavur District, Mahe and its villages covering 9 sq km surrounded by the Kerala state, and Yanam covering 20 sq.km within the East Godavari District in Andhra Pradesh. While Puducherry, the head quarters of the union territory, lies 162 km south of Madras and 22 km north of Cuddalore, Karaikal is about 150 km south of Puducherry and Yanam about 840 km north-east of Puducherry on the Andhra Coast. Mahe lies almost parallel to Puducherry, 653 km away on the west coast. History: Puducherry, the capital of the territory was once the original headquarters of the French in India. It was under the Fench rule for 138 years and merged with the Indian Union on November 1954. The State of Puducherry has an area of 479 sq. km. and a population of 0.97 million. There are 4 districts, 15 blocks and 92 villages. The State has population density of 2,034 per sq. km. (as against the national average of 312 per sq km). The decadal growth rate of the state is 20.62% (against 21.54% for India) and the population of the state is growing at a slower rate than the national rate. |
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Geography: The latitudinal and longitudinal extends the Punjab are from 29o 32' to 32o 32'N and 73o 55' to 76o 50'E. Punjab is bounded on the west by Pakistan, on the North by Jammu and Kashmir, on the north east by Himachal Pradesh and on the south by Haryana and Rajasthan. Physically, the state may be divided into two parts; sub-Shivalik Strip and Sutlebj- Ghaggar Plain. The Sub Shivalik strip covers the upper portion of Ropar, Hoshiarpur and Gurdaspur districts. The Sutlej- Ghaggar plain embraces the other districts of the Punjab. For administrative purposes it is divided into three division and 45 sub-division. There are 12,673 villages and 134 towns in the state. History:Punjab is said to have derived its name from the five rivers that flow through this region. The Indus, the Sutlej, the Beas, the Ravi and the Ghaggar's water make it a part of the northern fertile plain. Prior to Persian period this region was known by different names at different times. Probably, at the height of its glory it was known as Sapta Sindhu, land of the seven rivers, namely Sindhu (Indus), Vitasta (Jehlum), Asuhi (chenab), Purshin (Ravi), Vipasa (Beas), Satadru (Sutleg) and Saruri (Saraswati). The last one is a dried up stream now and its traces are found in the present seasonal streams that flow near Pehowa in Haryana. During Greek occupation, the territory had shrunk into the area covering the five rivers. It was a region that formed parts of the Indus Valley civilization. The Aryans settled in this region in about 1500B.C. It was in about 900B.C that the battle of Kurukshetra mentioned in the Epic Mahabharata was believed to have taken place in Kurukshetra. During this period the region formed small principalities ruled by chieftains. In 326BC Alexander the Great of Macedonia invaded Punjab. After this was the rule of Chandragupta Maurya that lasted till about 1st century A.D. By 318A.D the Gupta dynasty exercised their influence. They were followed by the Huns in about 500A.D. By 1000 A.D the Muslims invaded Punjab led by Mahmud of Ghazni. In 1030A.D the Rajputs gained control of this territory. In about 1192 AD, the Ghouris defeated the Chauhans and ruled till the establishment of the Mughal rule. A spirit of religious liberation led to the rise of the Militant Sikh power. In the early, 19th century the British established their influence. After independence this region witnessed mass migration and distribution of property. In 1947 when India was partitioned, the larger half of Punjab went to Pakistan. In 1966 the Indian smaller half was further divided into three: Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh. The state of Punjab has an area of 50,362 sq. km. and a population of 24.36 million. There are 20 districts, 141 blocks and 12673 villages. The State has population density of 483 per sq. km. (as against the national average of 312). The decadal growth rate of the state is 20.10% (against 21.54% for the country) and the population of the state is growing at a slower rate than the national rate. |
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Geography
Located in northwest India, Rajasthan borders Punjab in the north, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh in the northeast, Madhya Pradesh in the east and Gujarat in the south. On the western side, it shares a long stretch of border with the neighboring country Pakistan. Situated on the Thar Desert, Rajasthan protects the western border of the country standing as the sentinel who never tires. Rajasthan is diagonally divided into the hilly and rugged southeastern region and the barren Thar Desert, which extends across the border into Pakistan. Within these divisions however, it is a storehouse of varied physical feature or topographical diversity. The arid Thar also boasts of Mount Abu the only hill station in the state famous for its flora and fauna. While the Aravali hills provide the much-needed relief to this arid land, the wide spread sand dunes of the desert and arid region make it one of the toughest terrains in the world. Jodhpur (the second biggest city of the state) is the edge of the dry and shifting desert land from where on the not so arid but cultivable land starts. Moreover, the rocky range of Amber, hilly range of Mewar, river basin of Bharatpur and fertile Aravali range gives the topography of the state a unique look. Rajasthan is one of the driest regions in India. Except in the hills of the Aravali range, temperature in most other parts of the state reaches the 40°C mark during the summer months. Winters are mild in Rajasthan with the temperatures ranging between 22°C and 8°C. The climate of Rajasthan is characterized by dry and hot winds. The rainfall, which is characteristically scanty, comes during the month of July and September. However rainfall is comparatively high in the hilly Aravalli range. The southwest region of the state, being on the tropical region is considerably humid. History The earliest inhabitants of Rajasthan belonged to the Great Harappan Civilization. This area saw the arrival of the horse riding Aryans from central Asia in about 2000 BC. The Mauryan dynasty-one of the first dynasties to rule over large parts of India controlled this area in about 400 AD. With the passing of time however this arid region became the scene of the ravaging onslaught brought about by the Huns and the Scythians. The settling of the Scythians in Rajasthan set the stage for the rise of the Rajputs who were the offspring's of the Indo-Scythians. With the passing of time this new race proliferated into a number of new clans. Rajasthan thus became the homeland of these groups of warrior clans, collectively called Rajputs, who dominated this region for over a thousand years. More than its forts, palaces, desert, wildlife and things like these, it is the people of this state who make Rajasthan a lively place. The vibrancy, love for life, the colorful costumes they wear, make the people of Rajasthan quite different from the people of other parts of India. The state of Rajasthan has an area of 342,239 sq. km. and a population of 56.51 million. There are 33 districts, 237 blocks and 41353 villages. The State has population density of 165 per sq. km. (as against the national average of 312). The decadal growth rate of the state is 28.41% (against 21.54% for the country) and the population of the state continues to grow at a much faster rate than the national rate. |
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Geography SIKKIM, a small Himalayan State lying between 27 to 28 degrees North latitude and 88 to 89 degrees East longitude is the second smallest state in India. It is barely 7,096 sq km in size yet has an elevation ranging from 300 m to 8585 m above sea level. It's Geography is dominated by the most majestic mountain chain in the world which includes the Kanchenjunga, the world's third highest mountain and is worshipped as the guardian deity to their land. One of the smallest states of India, it is bounded by Nepal to the west and Bhutan to the east; by the Tibet Autonomous Region of China to the north and northeast and by West Bengal to the south. Administration Sikkim is the 22nd state of the Indian Union. It became a state of the Indian Union under the constitution (Thirty-eight Amendment) Act, 1975. Sikkim has the largest area and the highest production of large cardamom in India. Under the unicameral legislature, it has 32 seats of legislative assembly. One member each represents the state in the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. It has 9 sub-divisions, 92 Zilla Panchayat ward, 159 unit of Gram panchayat and 452 Demography The population of Sikkim is 0.54 million according to 2001 census and is scattered over 4 districts and 452 villages. The State has the density of 76 persons per sq. km. As against decadal growth rate of 21.54% at the national level, the population of the State has grown by 33.06% over the period 1991-2001. The sex ratio of Sikkim at 875 females to 1000 males is lower than the national average of 933. Female literacy of the State rose to 61.46% from 46.76% in 1991. The population of Sikkim is mainly made up of the Lepehas, the Bhutias and their allied clans and the Nepalese. |
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Geography: Tamil Nadu is situated on the southeastern side of the Indian peninsula. It is bounded on the east by Bay of Bengal, in the south by the Indian ocean, in the west by the states of Kerala and Karnataka and in the North by the Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. The land mass of the state can be divided into two natural divisions, (1) The Eastern coastal plain (2) The hilly region along the North and the West Along the whole length of the western part, the sea varying at a distance from, 80 to 160 km runs the range of the western Ghats, a steep and rugged mass averaging 1220 metres above the sea level and rising to 2440 metres at the highest point. The Palghat Gap about 25 km in width is the only marked break in the great mountain wall. To the south of this gap, the range is known as Anamalai (Elephant Hills) Palani Hills is on the east, on which the famous hill station Kodaikanal is situated. The slopes of the western Ghats are covered with heavy ever green forests. The Nilgiris and the Anamalai are the hill groups with the maximum height. In the famous Ootacamund area of the Nilgiris district, is the highest peak Doddabetta, 2640 metres above the sea level. Ootacamund is known as the 'Queen of hill stations' in India. Almost every district has a hill-station or a sea-side resort. History Tamil Nadu which holds in itself a land, a language and a culture existed since the prehistoric times. Human settlement here is said to have existed cotemporary to the civilizations in other parts of world. Tamil Nadu was earlier known as Tamilhanu. The existence of ports such as Arikamedu, Karipattinam, Korkai were proofs of the Tamilian advancement in establishing relations with other regions of the world. The Tamilians were said to be of Dravidian origin and they originally resided in the north west. With the advancement of the Indo-Aryans the Dravidians were e pushed south. The Sangam literature is the basis of Tamil History, culture and organisations from the 3rd century AD. The Cholas, the Pallavas, the Pandyas and the Cheras had their influence on Tamil Nadu and established their kingdoms. The Pallavas established their reign at kanchipuram in about the 4th century Ad. They held power over the land of the Tamils from 6th and 9th centuries. At the end of the 9th century the Cholas established themselves and they extended their empire and also established contacts with South East Asia. In the 13th the century the Pandyas dominated. The establishment of the Vijayanagar empire brought the downfall of the Pandyas. This empire ruled till the 16th century preserving and promoting Hindu culture. The Muslim powers influenced this region politically. The Marathas also influenced Madurai and Thanjavur till the advent of the English who wrested power from the French. During the 17th and the 18th centuries, conflicts started between the trading companies of Europe for control of the major parts in the east. The British managed to control this region in the 19th century. This region was under the domain of the East India Company and continued till independence after which the three states of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Orissa were formed. The region under the jurisdiction of the Madras Presidency formed into a single unit and named Tamil Nadu in 1969 The state of Tamil Nadu has an area of 130058 sq. km. and a population of 62.41 million. There are 30 districts, 385 blocks and 16317 villages. The State has population density of 479 per sq. km. (as against the national average of 312). The decadal growth rate of the state is 11.72% (against 21.54% for the country) and the population of the state continues to grow at a much faster rate than the national rate. |
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Geography Tripura is located in the north eastern part of India located between 22 degree and 56 minutes and 24 degree and 32 minutes north latitude and between 90 degree and 09 minutes and 92 degree and 20 minutes east latitude. It is bounded on the north, west, south and south-east by Bangladesh whereas in the east it has a common boundary with Assam and Mizoram Administration Tripura was formally declared as union territory on November 1, 1957 and elevated to the status of a full fledged state on January 21, 1972. Administratively it is divided into 4 Districts, 15 Subdivisions, 38 Rural Development Blocks, 31 Revenue Circles, 183 Teshils, 874 Revenue Moujas, 962 Gram Panchayets, 3 Jilla Parishads, 18 Notified Areas, 1 Municipal Council. Under the unicameral legislature system, it has 60 seats of legislative assembly. The state is represented in the Lok Sabha by two members and one member in the Rajya Sabha. Demography The population of Tripura is 3.20 according to 2001 census and is scattered over 4 districts, 40 blocks and 870 villages. The State has the density of 305 persons per sq. km. As against decadal growth rate of 21.54% at the national level, the population of the State has grown by 16.03% over the period 1991-2001. The sex ratio of Tripura at 948 females to 1000 males is higher than the national average of 933. Female literacy of the State rose to 65.41% from 49.65% in 1991. |
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Geography: Uttar Pradesh is bounded by Nepal on the North, Himachal Pradesh on the north west, Haryana on the west, Rajasthan on the south west, Madhya Pradesh on the south and south- west and Bihar on the east. Situated between 23o 52'N and 31o 28 N latitudes and 77o 3' and 84o 39'E longitudes, this is the fourth largest state in the country. (A part of Uttar Pradesh has been separated and formed into a new state Uttarakhand on November 9th 2000. The details given here are before the separation). Uttar Pradesh can be divided into three distinct hypsographical regions : 1. The Himalayan region in the North 2. The Gangetic plain in the centre 3. The Vindya hills and plateau in the south History: Uttar Pradesh forms a major area of the Northern fertile plain or the Indo-Gangetic plain. This area is said to have been occupied by the group of people referred to as "Dasas" by the Aryans. The main occupation of these inhabitants were agriculture. Till BC 2000 the Aryans had not settled in this region. It was through conquest that the Aryans occupied this area and laid the foundations of a Hindu civilization. The regions of Uttar Pradesh was said to have been the ancient Panchala country. The great war of the Mahabharata between the Kauravas and Pandavas was said to have been fought here. Besides the Kauravas and Panchalas the Vatsas, the Kosis, Hosalas, Videhas etc formed the early region of Uttar Pradesh. These areas were called Madhyadesa. It was during the Aryan inhabitation that the epics of Mahabharata, Ramayana, the Brahamanas and Puranas were written. During the reign of Ashoka, works for public welfare were taken up. Having rich resources there was active trade within and outside the country. The rule of the Magadha empire brought Buddhism and Jainism into this region. This period witnessed administrative and economic advancement. The Kushanas exercised their power over this region till 320AD. The territory passed into the hands of the Guptas during whose rule, the Huns invaded this region. After the decline of the Guptas, the Maukharis of Kannauj gained power. During the rule of Harshavardhana, Kannauj was an important city. After his rule political chaos set it. It was amidst this confusion that the Muslims invaded into Utter Pradesh though the society was dominated by the Rajputs, jats and other local chiefs. In 1016AD Mahmud of Ghazni laid his eyes on the wealth of Kannauj. He was followed by Mohammad Ghori. Throughout the rule of the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughals, the territory progressed. After the Mughals, the Jats, the Rohillas, and the Marathas established their rule. By 1803 the British controlled this region and annexed it by 1856. It was in the Uttar Pradesh (The period between 1857-58) that the first struggle for liberation from the British yoke was unleashed. The revolt was suppressed and from then till independence it remained under British dominance. In 1950 the state was organized and named as Uttar Pradesh. The state of Uttar Pradesh has an area of 240,928 sq. km. and a population of 166.20 million. There are 71 districts, 813 blocks and 107452 villages. The State has population density of 689 per sq. km. (as against the national average of 312). The decadal growth rate of the state is NA (against 21.54% for the country) and the population of the state continues to grow at a much faster rate than the national rate. |
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Geography The state is bordering Himachal Pradesh in the north-west and Uttar Pradesh in the South and has international borders with Nepal and China. The state is very rich in natural resources. The famous peaks of Nanda Devi, Kedarnath, Trishul, Bandarpunch and Mt Kamet, the major Glaciers including Gangotri, Pindari, Milam and Khatling are located in Uttarakhand. The Ganga, the Yamuna, Ramganga and Sharda are principal rivers of this region. The state of Uttarakhand is looking after twelve major ecological areas of the country. These include Nanda Devi National Park, the Valley of Flowers, Gangotri, Govind and the Rajaji National Parks, Kedarnath, Mussoorie, Binsar ,Sanadi, Govind and the Ascod Sanctuaries. All these areas support many rare plants and animal communities. Administration Uttarakhand is the 27th state of the Republic of India and was carved out of Uttar Pradesh on 9th Nov 2000. The State has two Divisions (viz; Garhwal and Kumaun), with 13 Districts, which can be grouped into three distinct geographical regions, the High mountain region, the Mid-mountain region and the Terai region. Dehradun is the interim-capital city. Uttaranchal consists of 13 districts viz., Almora, Pauri Garhwal, Tehri Garhwal, Bageshwar, Chamoli, Haridwar, Champawat, Nainital, Dehradun, Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarkashi, Pithoragarh, Rudraprayag. The state is spread over an area of 55,845 square km having 78 Tehsils, 95 blocks and 7227 Panchayats. The state has a total of 16,826 inhabitated villages, 86 cities/towns and only five are major cities with population over 1 lakh. It has 5 Lok Sabha, 3 Rajya Sabha constituencies and 70 Vidhan Sabha constituencies. Demography The state has a population of 8.5 million with average density of 159 persons per sq km which varies from as high as 612 in Haridwar and 414 in Dehradun districts to as low as 37 in Uttarkashi and 48 in Chamoli. 89 % of the villages have population less than 500. 93% of the area of the state is hilly and 63% of the land is covered with forests. State Capital The city of Dehradun, is situated at the Himalayan foothills in the fertile Doon Valley. The valley is well known for its salubrious climate and natural beauty. It is due to this reason, Dehradun has been one of the favorite residential cities. It is also an important educational centre of the country. Some of the best public schools and convents are housed here. The Indian Military Academy, Lal Bahadur Shastri Academy of Administration and The Forest Research Institute are also situated here. The state of Uttarakhand has an area of 53483 sq. km. and a population of 8.5 million. There are 13 districts, 95 blocks and 16826 villages. The State has population density of 158 per sq. km. (as against the national average of 312). The decadal growth rate of the state is NA (against 21.54% for the country) and the population of the state continues to grow at a much lower rate than the national rate. |
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Geography: West Bengal was created as a constituent state of the Indian union on 15 August 1947 as the result of partition of the undivided British Indian province of Bengal into West Bengal. West Bengal covers the bottle neck of India in the east, stretching from Himalayas in the north to the Bay of Bengal in the south. It is bounded on the north by Sikkim and Bhutan, on the east by Assam and Bangladesh. On the south by the Bay of Bengal and on the west by Orissa, Bihar and Nepal. It has therefore, three international frontiers-to the north, east and west. The state lies between 27o13'15" and 21o25'24" north latitudes and 85o48'20" and 89o53'04" east longitudes. History: During the period of the Vedic age Bengal was called Banga and is said to have been inhabited by several groups of people belonging to various races. During the Mahabharatha period this area was divided into small kingdoms and principalities ruled by chieftains. The Aryans inhabited Bengal during the post Vedic period. Many dynasties exercised their control over Bengal. The Palas, Pundras, the Sen etc were a few whose rule was noteworthy. The Palas ruled for more than four hundred years. Owing to its favourable location this region had trade with Cambodia, Burma, Sri Lanka, the Deccan and the Persian Gulf. The Navigable parts of Ganga made it favourable for internal trade and communication. They had contacts till Taxila. In about the 3rd century the Mauryan and the Guptas established their rule. The Palas established their strong rule from about 800AD till the 11th century after which the Senas ruled. The economy, arts and culture of this region developed under the rule of the Hindu dynasties. In the beginning of the 13th century Bengal became a part of the Delhi Sultanate and later the Mughals. The influence of the Muslims led to conversions besides development of art and culture and cottage industries that produced items such as Muslin which were in great demand around the world. The proximity to the sea also resulted in the influence with the foreigners -- the Portuguese in the early 16th century, the Dutch in about 1632, the French influence between 1673-1676, the Danish in 1676 and British in 1690. The increased influence of the British resulted in conflicts with the Nawab. The diplomatic efforts with a series of conspiracies resulted in the ultimate capture of power in Bengal by the British. The battle of Plassey (1757) and the battle of Buxar (1764) sealed the fate of the Mughal rule. The British later brought forth the Dual system of administration. In 1905 the English partitioned Bengal on the basis of religion. Calcutta remained the Capital of the British empire in India till 1911. After that the capital was shifted from Calcutta to Delhi. In 1947 when India became independent Bengal was partitioned between India and Pakistan. India's share came to be known as West Bengal and Pakistan's share was called East Pakistan. Later, the state of Cooch Behar, French enclave of Chandranagore and some parts of Bihar were added to West Bengal. Bengal represents the land that possess a distinct culture with its indigenous art and crafts and make it an important part of the Indian Union. The state of West Bengal has an area of 88,752 sq. km. and a population of 80.18 million. There are 19 districts, 341 blocks and 40782 villages. The State has population density of 903 per sq. km. (as against the national average of 312). The decadal growth rate of the state is 17.77% (against 21.54% for the country) and the population of the state is growing at a slower rate than the national rate. |
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